Class struggle, health crisis and human dignity: a discursive analysis of structural social inequality materialized in discourses about Covid-19

In this text, we analyze from a Materialist Discourse Analysis perspective of Discourse Analysis of Pecheuxtian based, discursive practices representing knowledge and interests of economically privileged social classes in social formations organized from the capitalist mode of production, whose basis is the exploitation of labor. The proposal is to think about the class struggle in the context of the health crisis in Brazil, based on the understanding that the pandemic was/is experienced differently by each social class. Thus, we seek to understand how this part of society attributes meaningto the health crisis and what effects emerge from these discourses that oppose the interests of other classes, with regard to protection against the health risks of Covid-19 for the Brazilian population. This analytical gesture, brings a cut of four discursive sequences that we consider representative of a discursive formation in which an ideological formation underlies. Therefore, thiswork presents a discussion on the intertwining between class issues, human dignity and right to health, with the interest of reflecting on the nexus between ideology and discourse, paying attention to the relations of inequality/subordination and invisibility of vulnerable social classes, sharpened in this scenario.

Favipiravir in the Spotlight: In Search of Treatment Against COVID-19

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), sometimes referred to as the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), is currently a worldwide threat to public health. According to the Johns Hopkins University monitor (available at, coronavirus.jhu.edu/map), there have been more than 10 million reported cases of coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) and 500,000 deaths as of June 29, 2020, deeming urgent the identification of a drug candidate and treatment regimen. Objective(s): This work aims to compile the current knowledge available on this drug, including its background, approved uses, some synthetic methods, the primary pharmacological aspects, the results against COVID-19 reported so far, and ongoing clinical trials against COVID-19. Method(s): We reviewed relevant press releases, scientific articles, and official documents to compile information about Favipiravir. Result(s): We highlight, in a clear and concise form, not only the published and ongoing clinical trials on the use of Favipiravir against COVID-19 but also compile some relevant synthetic and pharmacological information available about this drug. Conclusion(s): The Antiviral Favipiravir has shown interesting preliminary results, but it seems too early to recommend a treatment protocol for COVID-19 based on this drug. Robust clinical trials that will provide less biased data on its efficacy and safety are being pushed forward by FUJIFILM Corporation and by research groups around the globe.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.

SARS-COV-2 VIRAL LOAD IN GOIÂNIA WASTEWATER: WASTEWATER-BASED EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR A COVID-19 EARLY WARNING SYSTEM. COVID-19

Thus, several tools have been used in the last two years to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In this perspective, Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) provides valuable data by including symptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and asymptomatic individuals and anticipating clinical cases. For 37 weeks, the SARS-CoV-2 viral load was monitored in sanitary sewage samples from Goiânia-Brazil. Through pre-concentration, extraction, and purification of viral RNA, followed by RT-qPCR, it was detected in 83.78% (31/37) of the weeks the presence of fragments of the genetic material SARS-CoV-2 with viral loads ranging from 105 to 108 genome copies L-1. The viral load in the wastewater samples was related to the clinical data of the municipality, demonstrating its ability to promote an Early Warning System (EWS). In early 2022, it was possible to predict the increase in clinical cases 3 weeks in advance and issue an alert note to the health authorities. Prevalence estimates ranged from 0.003 to 0.5% and showed good agreement with observed values. Thus, monitoring effluents become another essential tool that can help combat the pandemic's advance, especially in countries with scarce resources. © 2022 Sociedade Brasileira de Quimica. All rights reserved.

Ornamental plant market in Dona Euzebia - MG: production, commercialization and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

With the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic, different areas were affected, with positive or negative effects, as a function of the conditions imposed above all by gardening activities. This brought effects on the production of ornamental plants. In this context, the objective of this study was to analyse the situation of production, commercialization and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the ornamental plants market in the city of Dona Euzebia-MG. A questionnaire with objective and discursive questions was applied to the city producers (30). The production of seedlings in Dona Euzebia is economically and socially important. Most producers have properties with 5 hectares, are in activity for a range of 5 to 19 years and have between 2 to 5 employees. With the onset of the pandemic, the market for seedlings and ornamental plants in Dona Euzebia was positively modified, with an increase in plant sales, which led to changes in production and in the sales process. During the period, producers took all measures to prevent the spread of the virus. The interviews showed that ornamental plants were among the main species cultivated and among the most sought during the pandemic period analyzed in this study. Furthermore, despite the restrictions and the uncertain scenario, there is optimism among producers, especially in terms of post-pandemic sales.

Ethical dilemmas on the right of access to palliative care in the COVID-19 pandemic

The review of the topic aims to list some ethical dilemmas, involving equity, related to the right of access to Palliative Care (PC) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a theoretical reflection, using the Accountability for Reasonableness approach, by Norman Daniels, as a reference. The ethical dilemmas raised in the allocation of scarce resources to PC patients involved the right to access artificial respirators, dialysis treatment, pain relief medications, psychosocial treatment and access to places for the exercise of spirituality. It is essential to discuss the dilemmas pointed out so that the deliberation process in the allocation of health resources is carried out in an equitable manner, as directed by the principle of equity, which can use bioethical references to give greater transparency to decisions and that the population can understand them as just and justified. Copyright (c) 2022 Márcia de Cássia Cassimiro.

MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY CARE SERVICES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN TWO BRAZILIAN STATES

Objective: To analyze the association between variables related to the management of Primary Health Care (PHC) services and professional characteristics at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional, survey-type study, carried out through convenience sampling, using the snowball method, which included 259 PHC professionals in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo, working in management and direct care in the initial period of the pandemic. A virtual semi-structured questionnaire was applied. The variables "state”, "professional category” and "function” were considered independent variables and "supply of human and material resources”, as well as "management support” were considered dependent variables. The association between variables was assessed using Fisher's exact test. The significance level adopted was 0.05. The project was approved by the ethics committee with the code number 31493920.8.0000.0021. Results: Health professionals perceive weaknesses in the supply of material and human resources, as well as dissatisfaction with logistics regarding municipal management (40%). The perception of flow and transport logistics also varied among professionals working in care and management (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Professionals perceive municipal management of the pandemic, in different aspects, as inadequate. Therefore, it is necessary to implement public and management policies that value PHC services and their professionals, ensuring adequate working conditions, which can reflect in better care and satisfaction for users of the Brazilian Unified Health System. © 2022, Universidad de Concepcion. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of the Happy Child Program: a randomized study in 30 Brazilian municipalities

The Happy Child Program (Programa Crianca Feliz-PCF, in Portuguese) reaches 1.4 million Brazilian children under three years of age with home visits aimed at promoting neuro-psychomotor development. Based on a conceptu-al model, PCF implementation and impact were evaluated in a randomized study in 30 munici-palities. A total of 3,242 children were allocated to the intervention (IG) or control (CG) group, 80.0% of whom were prospectively followed up from late 2018 to late 2021. Development was assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ3). During the three-year study period, visits were replaced by virtual contacts for an average of 12 months due to COVID-19. At the endline sur-vey, intent-to-treat analyses showed mean scores of 203.3 in the IG and 201.3 in the CG. Addi-tional analyses using instrumental variables and propensity scores matching also showed no effect, since the number of contacts with the program was not associated with ASQ3 scores. No impact was observed on stimulation, responsive interac-tions or psychological attributes of children. The implementation study revealed low coverage in the IG, contamination of the CG, deficiencies in management and low quality of visits in many municipalities. The study did not demonstrate an impact of PCF implemented under routine condi-tions, but provides elements for its improvement. Copyright © 2022, Associacao Brasileira de Pos - Graduacao em Saude Coletiva. All rights reserved.

Monitoramento Da Carga Viral De Sars-Cov-2 Em ?Guas Residuais Na Cidade De Goi?Nia: Epidemiologia Baseada Em Esgoto E Um Sistema De Alerta Precoce Para Covid-19

SARS-COV-2 VIRAL LOAD IN GOIaNIA WASTEWATER: WASTEWATER-BASED EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR A COVID-19 EARLY WARNING SYSTEM. COVID-19 is currently the most critical disease in the world. Thus, several tools have been used in the last two years to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In this perspective, Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) provides valuable data by including symptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and asymptomatic individuals and anticipating clinical cases. For 37 weeks, the SARS-CoV-2 viral load was monitored in sanitary sewage samples from Goiania-Brazil. Through pre-concentration, extraction, and purification of viral RNA, followed by RT-qPCR, it was detected in 83.78% (31/37) of the weeks the presence of fragments of the genetic material SARS-CoV-2 with viral loads ranging from 105 to 108 genome copies L-1. The viral load in the wastewater samples was related to the clinical data of the municipality, demonstrating its ability to promote an Early Warning System (EWS). In early 2022, it was possible to predict the increase in clinical cases 3 weeks in advance and issue an alert note to the health authorities. Prevalence estimates ranged from 0.003 to 0.5% and showed good agreement with observed values. Thus, monitoring effluents become another essential tool that can help combat the pandemic's advance, especially in countries with scarce resources.

COVID-19 AND THE BRAZILIAN PRISON SYSTEM: AN ANALYSIS WITHIN THE ADPF 347 PRECEPTS

This study aims to assess whether the declaration of the unconstitutional state of affairs by the Supreme Court, at the judgement of ADPF 347/DF, contributed to the improvement of the national prison system, especially after the onset of the pandemic. It intends to analyze the technique of structural litigation applied by Brazilian courts as a means capable of achieving a legitimate and effective intervention to solve complex public problems. From the research technique of bibliographic and documental review, data were extracted for analysis. The survey results indicate that, despite the success in recognizing the unconstitutional state of affairs, the recommendations and measures adopted by the Supreme Court were not sufficient to solve the problems of the criminal system, aggravated during the pandemic.

PEDAGOGY STUDENTS DURING THE PANDEMIC (2021): what they think and prospects for the future of the profession

The purpose of this article is to understand what Pedagogy students, who were attending the undergraduate course during the COVID-19 pandemic, think about the profession and their professional insertion. The metodology was a camp estudy, like a survey, with describy and explory the realitie estudied. Participants are 40 students from a Higher Education Institution, located in the southern region of Minas Gerais, enrolled in the Pedagogy Degree Course, in the face-to-face and distance modes. An online questionnaire applied in 2021 was used as an instrument for data collection. The results revealed a greater participation of students enrolled in the last semesters of the course. The majority was less than 30 years old and they became the first of their family to complete higher education. They are students who help with the composition of the family income, and their earn on average up to 4 minimum wages. Students have a positive understanding of the profession, perceiving it as an instrument of social change and that they can be well paid, even though they understand that it is an arduous activity. At the same time, they have representation of a good teacher, the one who dominates knowledge, who is a mediator, flexible and who knows how to listen to the students. They would like to start their professional activity in teaching early childhood education, at the same time with studies at the postgraduate level, whether lato or stricto sensu. Finally, they declared that they felt fulfilled with the choice of the course and maintained positive feelings in relation to the professional insertion.

Teleconsultation Script for Intervention on Frail Older Person to Promote the Care-of-the-Self: A Gerontotechnology Tool in a Pandemic Context

Introduction: The nursing care management of frail older people in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic requires the development of innovative actions. Those new interventions aim to meet the older population needs thru continuity of care, preventing previously existing health conditions from deteriorating and promoting their quality of life. Thus, the conception of the nursing teleconsultation (TC) is seen as an innovative answer to the ever-increasing frailty problem, in the sphere of gerontotechnology and the current pandemic challenges. Methods: This paper shows an action-research methodology. There were 8 participants, of which 5 were nurses of the health care centre (USFX) and 3 frail older people that were identified using the Tilburg Index. The instruments used were the face-to-face consultation flowchart and the nursing guide to direct the intervention. All the ethical and deontological principles were respected throughout the study. Result: The nursing teleconsultation was developed based on a script of a nursing theoretical model that has been recognized as an important tool to promote the care of older frail people by continuing to promote the Care-of-the-Self in the pandemic circumstance. Conclusion: The TC implementation is a nursing intervention that is effective on assessing and controlling frailty on older people, besides being a way of promoting adherence to the therapy plan, preventing complications of frail conditions and fighting loneliness that many older people are exposed every day. The material resources are available in the health care centres, what makes the TC implementation easier to achieve. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

The human genome requires physical activity: What are we learning from COVID-19?

Aim: The primary cause for the development and worsening of chronic diseases is physical inactivity. This article aims to present a proposal for the negative impacts of physical inactivity during social distancing caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Global levels of physical activity are decreasing, and this behavior can be the start to increase the prevalence and incidence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and mental illness after the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Staying physically active is a fundamental behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing. © 2022 Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP. All rights reserved.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva by RT-LAMP During a Screening of Workers in Brazil, Including Pre-Symptomatic Carriers

The coronavirus pandemic has been causing damage to many nations, as public and private health systems deteriorate by the increasing demand. Some infected patients have culturable severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) even though not presenting any symptoms, and therefore, are probably able to transmit it. Correctly diagnosing and isolating infected patients is an important step towards preventing new infections. Current diagnostic methods rely mainly on reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Methods such as reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) have risen as viable alternatives, as they are cheaper and require less infrastructure, they have the potential to be applied in low-resource scenarios and even at point-of-care. Here we report a colorimetric RT-LAMP assay capable of detecting SARS-CoV-2 in ribonucleic acid (RNA) from saliva. In some cases, the test was able to detect viral RNA before symptom onset and even in a self-reported asymptomatic carrier. It had a limit of detection of 300 copies per reaction and showed a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 100%, a general accuracy of 99.59%, and a Cohen's kappa of 0.887. The possibility of detecting positive cases even before the clinical manifestation shows great potential and can contribute to controlling the pandemic.

Associated factors to SARS-CoV-2 infection among dental professionals

The objective of this study was to analyze associated factor to SARS-CoV-2 infection among dental professionals. This was a cross-sectional study carried out from February to September 2020 in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. We included all dental team working at 11 basic health units. Professionals included were from the three different categories oral surgeon-dentist, dental technician, dental assistant. The analysis included SARS-CoV-2 infection and independent variables (sociodemographic, labor and behavior) with descriptive analyses with absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies, inferential analysis by chi-squared and Fisher exact test (p < 0.05). There was a prevalence of 20.3% of infection by SARS-CoV-2 between dental professionals. However, in the analysis by professional category the infection rate was 3.8 among oral surgeon-dentist, 30.0% among dental technician, 33.3% for dental assistant. The diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with lower income (p = 0.027), lower level of formal education (p = 0.011), technical professional category (p = 0.025), and the use of public transportation (p = 0.009). The higher prevalence of COVID-19 in technical professionals than oral surgeon-dentists may suggest that infection had occurred outside the working environment, once professional had personal protective equipment available as well as the training for their professional activity. In addition, professionals reported to feel safe and prepared to perform their activities in the work environment. Key messages Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in oral health in the public service. Promotion and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in oral health in the public service.

"I see they are engaged": mediation, interaction and investment in the development of reading comprehension in English in the emergency remote teaching mode

The results brought in the article are part of a research, in which data was generated based in a narrative drawn from an interview with a language teacher, here called CINTIA. The objective of the interview was to find out how she promoted the development of reading in English in a junior high school in the private sector in the Emergency remote teaching mode since it was done during the pandemic due to the COVID-19 virus, and, thus, students were not having face-to-face classes. The analysis intended to reflect over the following aspects: 1) How mediation tools (SWAIN;KINNEAR;STEINMAN, 2015) could promote English reading development in remote teaching contexts? 2) How can interaction (ELLIS, 2020;FIGUEIREDO, 2019) be developed in reading English classes of a junior high school in an emergency remote teaching and 3) In which aspects is it possible to perceive a Junior high learner's investment (DARVIN;NORTON, 2016;NORTON, 2013) while developing his reading in English in the teaching remote mode? For this study, a semi-structured interview was carried out with an English teacher from junior high school of the private sector in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. CINTIA's narrative seems to show that the investment employed in this group of students seem to be related to physical tools (computer, internet, online dictionary), as well as symbolic ones (second and mother language) of mediation used by the teacher and her learners in interactional spaces done totally in the virtual mode.

“Eu vejo que eles estão engajados”: mediação, interação e investimento no desenvolvimento da compreensão leitora em Língua Inglesa em contexto de ensino remoto emergencial

The results brought in the article are part of a research, in which data was generated based in a narrative drawn from an interview with a language teacher, here called CINTIA. The objective of the interview was to find out how she promoted the development of reading in English in a junior high school in the private sector in the Emergency remote teaching mode since it was done during the pandemic due to the COVID-19 virus, and, thus, students were not having face-to-face classes. The analysis intended to reflect over the following aspects: 1) How mediation tools (SWAIN;KINNEAR;STEINMAN, 2015) could promote English reading development in remote teaching contexts? 2) How can interaction (ELLIS, 2020;FIGUEIREDO, 2019) be developed in reading English classes of a junior high school in an emergency remote teaching and 3) In which aspects is it possible to perceive a Junior high learner’s investment (DARVIN;NORTON, 2016;NORTON, 2013) while developing his reading in English in the teaching remote mode? For this study, a semi-structured interview was carried out with an English teacher from junior high school of the private sector in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. CINTIA’s narrative seems to show that the investment employed in this group of students seem to be related to physical tools (computer, internet, online dictionary), as well as symbolic ones (second and mother language) of mediation used by the teacher and her learners in interactional spaces done totally in the virtual mode. © 2021 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. All rights reserved.

New post-pandemic educational paradigms: The important changes and adaptations in the educational system caused by the pandemic covid-19

Objective: This scientific article aims to analyze the new post-pandemic educational paradigms, proposing a re-reading in the educational system in the face of the COVID 19 pandemic. Methodology: For methodology, the deductive logical basis was used through bibliographical and documentary investigation. Results: the pandemic scenario brings profound changes in several dimensions of human existence, starting from the health aspect until reaching economic, social and cultural effects in general. Contributions to a new educational reality, highlighting the need for new skills in the pedagogical structure, the adaptation of teaching-learning on virtual platforms Contributions: the study presents an approach that proposes the analysis to reach acceptable levels of virtual education and global cooperation in favor of a new model of education, public and private authorities must make efforts, economic and social, to capillarize virtual communication allowing there to be reach and effective social awareness. © 2021, Centro Universitário Curitiba - UNICURITIBA. All rights reserved.